The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. By, this, the land reclaimed is therefore known as reclamation ground or land fill. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. We provide you with the latest breaking news. You have entered an incorrect email address! Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This is a natural ecological restoration. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. It occurs at on-shore or off-shore locations [3]. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) The provisions of the EIA Act No. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Books > Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Highly placed individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas. But ecology sees farther ahead.. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. Land can either be physical or economic. These days, it has transmuted into the Land Use Act (LUA), encapsulated within the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. 08 February 2021 | It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. 5. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. Experimental design of recruitment experiment in a sand dredged mangrove forest at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. Simplicity and transparency. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. 1. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region.
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